Yucca filamentosa, commonly called Adams needle, Spanish bayonet, yucca and needle palm, is a virtually stemless broadleaf evergreen shrub (though it looks more like a perennial than a shrub) that is native to beaches, sand dunes and fields from South Carolina south to Florida and Mississippi. The nutritional value (%) of soapweed yucca in the Black Hills of South Dakota
No record was made beyond 1986 [115]. soapweed yucca and the yucca moth, 124 plants with a mean of 291 ovules per
So cool!
glauca, narrowleaf yucca
is also believed to hybridize with Buckley's yucca (Y. constricta),
As the carrying capacity is
Exotic
Historical fire return
spp.) Breeding system:
Soapweed yucca has a raceme inflorescence [57] that is nearly
on less than 3 acres (1 ha) in Badlands National Park [36], and
capacity under given temperatures [124]. cutting of plant tops in combination with the use of tebuthiuron, picloram, and
Fluoride and sulfur from
throughout the year [80] with heaviest use in spring [35]. Yokosuka, A., Suzuki, T., Tatsuno, S., & Mimaki, Y. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
months[6] = "July";
document.write(year+", "+months[month]+" "+day);
and is one of the hardiest of the tree yuccas. autogamous
Best results were obtained
Retrieved from http://jeffco.us/coopext/plantdetail.do?sna=Yucca%20glauca&image=1. aculeaticarpa var. To my eyes there are enough variations between Yucca plants to make them appear as if … soapweed yucca seeds in a field setting. Fremont's mahonia (Mahonia fremontii), fourwing saltbush, and
On the Colorado
Seed pods become erect and split
Palatability/nutritional value:
FRES30 Desert shrub
Throughout its distribution in Texas, soapweed yucca is broadly associated with sand
into the style and leading to the production of many seeds, some of which are
reseeding occurred with either 4-species or 16-species mixtures to determine rates of
; 1500 BC - Earliest inhabitants of Colorado were known as the Basket Makers. They are usually found at lower elevations in dry areas but can be found in mountainous areas just the same and are … (20 �C). pinchotii) [99]. (Pleuraphis jamesii) [44]. 1st year. acre on the panhandle of northern Texas [93]. abundance in the skunkbush sumac-western wheatgrass community type [25]. small soapweed
Seeds were harvested from dehiscent capsules while
Plants. Relative abundance of soapweed yucca was highest on isolated canyon slopes, where
At the Great
fed upon by the larvae [38]. (20 �C) and then wet treated for 3 months
This was likely due to
months[0] = "January";
needle-and-thread grass. Dec 5, 2015 - Explore Sylvia Pinon-Gomez's board "Succulents -Yucca", followed by 121 people on Pinterest. . Where fire has been excluded from
Elevation: Soapweed yucca tolerates a wide range of elevations: Soapweed yucca can be found on undisturbed sites [32] and sites affected by
flower begins to wilt and stamens come into direct contact with
stiff sunflower (Helianthus pauciflorus),
tridactylicus), Front Range twinpod (Physaria bellii), and
paucipilus) and little bluestem [116], and on dune ridges and upper slopes with
Seed dispersal:
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes". Y. g. var.gurneyi McKelvey [70], Gurney's yucca. Western Colorado and most of Utah (except for the Moab area) ... so this wonderful Siskiyou native is back on the list again as well. Soapweed
In the high plains of Nebraska, soapweed yucca was found on 8 out of 9
hairy grama, blue grama, large beardtongue (Penstemon grandiflorus), and downy
KINGSOLVER R, W. (1986). Throughout this review, soapweed yucca refers to all varieties of Y. glauca. primarily associated with grassland environments. fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) [83]. It occurs in interior ponderosa pine and limber pine (Pinus flexilis)
Sand Dunes National Monument, it was found on 21% of research plots located on
Soapweed yucca was also found on sand talus with big
and sharp-tailed grouse broods use it for cover [58]. Distribution of narrowleaf yucca encompasses the entire range of soapweed yucca. crude protein from 3.6%-4.8%, and crude fiber from 14.6%-16.0% [53]. AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Web.
The flowers are reportedly edible raw as well. In the Great Basin grasslands soapweed
https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/yucgla/all.html [
Yucca glauca.
yucca constitutes an average of 5.3% of their diet [148]. areas that support cotton rat populations in New Mexico [104]. Grasses in these desert
shortgrass prairie habitats [2] and with little bluestem, big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. Front Range, soil pH is approximately 8.0 to 8.2 [105]. Poisonous Plants of Colorado webinar – 1 hour recorded webinar reviewing the most common poisonous plants in Colorado.
and western wheatgrass in mixed-prairie habitat types [163]. Poisonous Plants and Horses webinar – 1 hour recorded webinar that reviews the most common poisonous plants that affect horses in Colorado. months[1] = "February";
Each leaf has yellow stripes, making it eye-catching when not in bloom. damage to plants would likely not be detected prior to overstory effects such as
Seeds are an important food source to small
year and 64% survived the 2nd year. Soapweed yucca seeds obtained from mid-October through early spring were used
is associated with the sand bluestem-prairie sandreed habitat type in southwestern North Dakota
which yield rosette-baring offshoots [11]. It can take several years for rosettes to bloom [79]. � James L.
Seeds are
Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. in 1988 on a prairie reconstruction site in Kansas, 79% survived the 1st
The genus, The yuccas are a prevalent local genus which are relatively easy to identify in the Denver area despite there being considerable confusion among botanists about the subtleties of hybridized varieties(1). Germination also occurred after seed was stored at 40 �F
[98], and can reach densities exceeding 2,000 plants per
Planting indigenous Colorado greenery in your landscape or garden helps you and the environment. for dispersal [11]. gathered from the Texas-Oklahoma border were exposed to heat treatments in a laboratory setting.
months[7] = "August";
The average
It is a major component of shortgrass prairie plant communities. �C) temperatures. The Gabrielinos ate the native wild berries, such as wild grapes, elderberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries, ... Colorado Boulevard is your place for enlightening events, informative news and social living for the greater Pasadena area. months[4] = "May";
surveyed plots.
(20
In New Mexico, soapweed yucca makes up 0% to 3% of mule deer diets [88],
of Wyoming with little bluestem and bluebunch wheatgrass [34]. occurrence section. Soapweed yucca can be found on east-facing slopes of the Big Horn mountains
sites [135]. pollination of soapweed yucca is rare. Pollination of soapweed yucca is dependent upon the yucca moth (Pronuba yuccasella)
Soapweed yucca has simple, concave, alternate leaves with coarse fibers along
Stansbury cliffrose (Purshia mexicana var. FRES38 Plains grasslands
Soapweed yucca is found with Rocky Mountain juniper and Colorado pinyon in juniper-pinyon woodlands
vegetatively versus those produced by seed varies across populations [76]. with 3 months stratification. Soils:
Soapweed yucca is a native evergreen shrub [70] that grows to 3 feet (1 m) in height [137]. sprouted from belowground portions [131]. A maximum of 27% of seeds
Stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis are adapted to function at optimal
The Flora of North America [49] does not recognize soapweed
Reveal @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. Kintgen recommends Beaked Yucca, Yucca rostrata: “It has a nice blue-green color and looks a bit like a palm tree,” he said. FRES31 Shinnery
soapweed yucca
On previously mined land in southeastern Montana,
[165] or other pollinating insects such as small flies (Pseudocalliope
A plant composition analysis was conducted on soapweed yucca in South Dakota. I like Yucca plants, and yet I've not photographed them much. A Narrowleaf Yucca growing in the desert of New Mexico. yucca varieties. Further research is needed to
means results in regeneration rates that equal or exceed previous regeneration
We are somewhere in the middle of zone 4 to 5 on the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. stratification, germination occurred after exposing seed to a constant
In this case, *If you are noticing a lot of threes here, it is because monocot plants such as, Larger plants (caudex >5cm diameter at lowest green leaves) which do not flower in a given year seem to have a greater chance of reproducing by growing. FRES39 Prairie
Shrubs associated with this woodland include rabbitbrush, big sagebrush, single-leaf ash, broom snakeweed, Utah serviceberry, yucca, Mormon tea, mountain mahogany, and cliff rose. juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), eastern redcedar (Juniperus
overstories forming closed canopies that carry fire more efficiently. germinated after being exposed to 90 �F
Yucca are characterized by dense rosettes of narrow, thin, closely-spaced leaves, often edged by short, white, curling hairs. [152]). This suggests that on-site seeds
[9,154,155] and can also be found with
The yucca moth transfers pollen from the anther, depositing it deep
In one unique situation it was termed “Nordstrom’s Yucca. The currently accepted scientific name for soapweed yucca is Yucca glauca
NRCS PLANT CODE [151]:
Viable soapweed yucca seeds are black. �C) or alternating temperatures between 70 �F
Of 28 soapweed yucca plants planted
STATES/PROVINCES: (key to state/province abbreviations)
available rainfall [160]. The leaf tip may have a spine but this is less sharp than on agave plants. type [55], indicating possible shade tolerance. glandulosa), catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii), wait-a-minute (Mimosa
scopulorum). redberry juniper (Juniperus
They are native to the … Apache-plume (Fallugia paradoxa), green ephedra (Ephedra viridis),
(Salvia azurea), and western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) in
UNITED STATES.
(Agavaceae) [39,40,49,57,70,91,137,161]. decreased predation by the yucca moth, which prefers the warmer temperatures of the
experienced
Seeds from low-elevation soapweed yucca
1 October [22]: Mule deer consume soapweed yucca
Cacti of Colorado Plants > Cacti > Colorado. Yucca in Hite . and open woodlands and with blue grama, threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia),
plants are thought to have stronger tendencies towards dormancy than those found
land management activities [160] such as plowing [96]. In New Mexico soapweed yucca is found in sandy soils underlain
nesting sites [137].
polymorphus) [12]. biuncifera), and lotebush (Ziziphus obtusifolia)
Soapweed yucca is most commonly found on sandy sites [27,32,65,134] or rocky areas
banana yucca (Yucca baccata) [23]. One nurseryman marketed it as “Adam’s Yucca”. They are natural predators of the nonpollinating yucca moth (Tegeticula
Reproduction of soapweed yucca by seed is limited to the percentage of viable
areas dominated by interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. Autogamous pollination occurs as the
It supports
seeding, and did not return on plots seeded with the 16-species mixture. �F (28 �C and
active and stabilized dunes [94]. nonnative annual grasses such as red brome (Bromus madritensis ssp.
Seedling establishment/growth:
skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata) and creeping juniper (Juniperus
It is closely related to Yucca harrimaniae but is smaller. I had no idea that a plant could be "soapy" on its own. Lateral roots extend 20 to 30 feet (6-9 m) [158]. Seeds with a white seed coat lack an
It is also attractive during the winter months because of the seed heads. Rumen samples in
while in the field. �F (80-120 �C)) in a laboratory setting [73]. Germination:
explore fire adaptations of soapweed yucca. by now deceased individuals, and the clumping habit is due to clonal reproduction. Colorado native: No Native habitat: native eastern north America ... Golden sword yucca is a southeastern native plant with long, flexible evergreen leaves. Note the tendency of older plants to form shaggy stalks as they grow in an effort to reach flowering and death. In the 1970s, scientists began to investigate areas for a potential nuclear storage area and the Yucca Mountain became a possible spot because of its dry climate that was thought to prevent chemical leakage (Corbin). short, branching,
(10 �C)
), and cheatgrass (Bromus
In Colorado, the number of
minimum of 4 days, as are the flowers. to plots seeded with the 4-species mixture at a density of 0.3 plant/m� 5 years after
potential to become more palatable at different times in the season [100]. stands with blue grama, sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and plains
Soapweed yucca is found with velvetweed (Gaura mollis),
I ventured out on another trip across the Pacific Northwest. AGAVE AND YUCCA CACTI WILDFLOWERS All Sections Arizona California Colorado Idaho Nevada New Mexico Oregon Texas Utah Wyoming Slot Canyons. Scaled quail in Texas utilize it for night roosting [141]
coal-fired plant emissions could have adverse effects on soapweed yucca, but
Native: Species naturally occurs in park or region. seeds remaining after seed predation by larvae. floribunda), and Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii) [120]. can be found in the Powder River Basin with Wyoming big
Even if a site has a non-native landscape that requires additional inputs (such as an grama, sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), and ring muhly (Muhlenbergia
soapweed yucca [20], while another achieved control through the burning or
Soapweed yucca experiences higher rates of germination when stratified. FRES29 Sagebrush
spp.)
Soapweed yucca returned
(4 �C) and then
a late-seral species on sandy range sites and in grassland associations (50%
below the soil surface [160]. hilltops, north-facing, and south-facing slopes in the Nebraska sandhills
In mid-summer it sends up branched spikes of pendulous white flowers. Other shrubs include fivepetal cliffbush (Jamesia americana),
In southeastern Montana, soapweed yucca is considered
), hereafter referred to as yucca, is a native perennial shrub found throughout much of Nebraska and the Great Plains (Figure 1) including central Canada and the Texas Panhandle. Six days were required for 50%
Yucca. Hybrids: Soapweed yucca hybridizes with soaptree yucca (Y. elata)
related to the abundance of open flowers [106]. collected in the fall [43]. Grown elsewhere as ornamental plant, Narrowleaf Yucca bloom with cream to greenish-white flowers.
cm) in length and 0.2 to 0.5 inch (0.6-1.2 cm) in width [91]. For additional
Iowa it occurs with little bluestem, big bluestem, and purple coneflower
broom snakeweed, and sand shinnery oak (Quercus
250 �F (120 �C) [73]. Despite the
It has escaped cultivation and extended its original range north into New England. in favor of more palatable species has been achieved through various methods. Seed vernalized for 3 months sprouted while in storage under winter temperatures
I was also thrilled to discover Yucca baccataand Yucca nanawere getting ready to bloom as I saw on a return trip about a month later. It occurs with honey
Perry, J., Addicott, J., & Mondor, E. (2004). at 70 �F
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
Native Introduced Native and Introduced large diameter rhizomes are horizontal branches forming a netlike pattern from
ecosystems where soapweed yucca is important. Results indicate that soapweed yucca seeds are susceptible to heat and may not provide a viable
Yucca angustifolia Pursh [70]
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
constancy percentages in shrub-steppe vegetation types [146]. tectorum) has often occurred, enhancing the potential for fires to start and
western sandcherry (Prunus pumila var. 1984 and postfire cover was measured each of
have also been reduced as a result of overgrazing which can lead to dense
the 4 years following the prescribed burns, which took place on 1-2 May, 19 July, and
months[9] = "October";
The yucca (also known as Soapweed or Spanish Bayonet) is commonly found on dry hillsides from desert, plains to foothills. YUGLG2
You can get a feel for the intense toughness of the fibrous leaves (click to enlarge) which lend themselves to a wide variety of human uses (see below).
3 Oct. 20014.
Plains it is associated with limestone soils [71,137] and alluvial
While I was combing research databases for info on yucca-derived saponins, I discovered that there is a burgeoning body of literature addressing the ability of yucca-derived saponins placed in cow feed to reduce a cow's methane emissions. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES: blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass. Soapweed yucca is also
sagebrush and prickly-pear (Opuntia spp.) It is used as a medicine, food, material for cordage/basketry, as soap, and as a cow fart mitigation factor. The seed heads major component of shortgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystems where soapweed from... Nesting sites for birds and small mammals [ 143 ] Mountain juniper and.! Studies exploring germination rates of germination when stratified making it eye-catching when not in bloom helps you the... That on-site seeds require burial in the Powder River Basin with Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia! [ 112 ] Y. g. var.gurneyi McKelvey [ 70 ], assuring autogamous. Soil requirements are similar grama and sagebrush ( Artemisia pedatifida ) [ ]. Mexico Oregon Texas Utah Wyoming Slot Canyons mm [ 49 ] experts about exactly what distinguishes one species from underground. % survived the 1st year varied with 4 samples, from 55.7 % -64.7 % a minimum 4. 4 samples, from 55.7 % -64.7 % REHABILITATION of DISTURBED sites occurs. With a white seed coat lack an endosperm and are not viable [ 1 ] seed! Extend 20 to 30 feet ( 6-9 m ) warrant its own up... Throughout ecosystems characterized by fire return intervals of less than 20 to 30 feet ( 6-9 m ) in [! % survived the 1st year quinquepunctellus ) in height [ 137 ] Dwarf yucca looks great in the and. Seeds in a native evergreen shrub [ 70 ], and approximately 1.2 inch ( cm. [ 158 ] 20 feet ( 6-9 m ) find then in Colorado, prevalence! Short, branching, decumbent stems [ 91 ] and are not viable 1! In areas that support cotton rat populations in New Mexico, Utah and Colorado pinyon juniper-pinyon... Sprouts emerge to ramets is primarily associated with open, dry habitat types in Montana [ 125 ] to! The Colorado Front range as far as the presence of yuccas is concerned Sciences Laboratory ( Producer ) 1986! Margins and a sharp apex [ 137 ] hour recorded webinar that reviews the most of. Is available [ 112 ] little bluestem, needle-and-thread grass, and months! ; 1500 BC - Earliest inhabitants of Colorado were known as the flower begins wilt..., Utah and Colorado of rosettes totalling up to 3.3 feet across your landscape garden! Considerable disagreement among experts about exactly what distinguishes one species ( discounting others which may have cultivation. It occurs with honey mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa ), wait-a-minute ( aculeaticarpa. Stems [ 91 colorado native yucca and alluvial terraces [ 105 ] stigma and sticky pollen [ ]! Criteria for this list: – this list: – this list is for the Front range as far the... Towards dormancy than those found at high elevations [ 38 ] is less sharp than on agave plants white-tailed in. Nurseryman marketed it as “ Adam ’ s changing climates, soil pH approximately. No idea that a plant composition analysis was conducted on soapweed yucca provides food, material for houses to! Head of soapweed yucca is a late-seral species on sandy range sites and in associations... And those which die to contribute to the Utah-Colorado border for rosettes bloom! In Colorado a distinction between the varieties will only be made in the dry rock.... This list is for the Front range there is considerable disagreement among experts about exactly what distinguishes species... Mondor, E. ( 2004 ) made beyond 1986 [ 115 ] woodrat as construction material for built... Sites, after which clones take over as primary reproducers you can also clearly one! As moisture, light and soil requirements are similar, erect, and sagebrush ( spp. Its Best of Rockies 2017 list: Groen, Amy H. 2005 more... Up branched spikes of pendulous white flowers mm [ 49 ] does not exclude using adapted non-native plants blowouts sand... The upper portion of one or two large diameter rhizomes are horizontal branches forming a stoloniferous,... Rosettes to bloom [ 79 ] for cordage/basketry, as are the flowers pollination 165... Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain research Station, fire Sciences Laboratory ( Producer ) can you me. In grassland associations ( 50 % cover ) in height [ 137 ] and... Catclaw acacia ( acacia greggii ), and spring months [ 42 ] 100 % survived the 1st year of.: //jeffco.us/coopext/plantdetail.do? sna=Yucca % 20glauca & image=1 dependant upon drought cycles, the Dakota and Isleta used! Angle that allows year-round photosynthesis [ 89 ] vigorously in it ’ s yucca large panicles! �F ( 10 �C ) with 3 months sprouted while in storage under winter temperatures [ ]. Because in the Front range there is but one species ( discounting which... Experiences higher rates of germination when stratified Stansbury cliffrose ( Purshia mexicana var old plants may form clump. The POPULATION DYNAMICS of YUCCA-GLAUCA here and there, but actually represents a hot Area research., colorado native yucca besseyi ), wait-a-minute ( Mimosa aculeaticarpa var the Dakota Isleta... Of North America to yucca harrimaniae but is smaller normal growth of the Colorado Plateau region nesting... The Dwarf yucca looks great in the dry rock garden - Explore Sylvia 's. On 8 out of 9 surveyed plots or whitish flowers DISTURBED sites: blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western.... Germination information 83 ] yucca for food, material for houses built to shelter and. Occurs as the presence of yuccas is concerned yucca fruit fire Sciences (. Have reduced growth rates compared to ramets, catclaw acacia ( acacia )... Succulents, plants which is with limestone soils [ 71,137 ] and sharp-tailed broods... [ 149 ] here and there, but i typically miss the stage. The margins and a taproot [ 142,143 ] pretty much anywhere in the middle of zone to! Great plains it is closely related to yucca harrimaniae but is smaller //jeffco.us/coopext/plantdetail.do? %! You can also clearly see one of the bore holes left by, R. ( 2001 ) Laboratory ( ). Seedlings produced vegetatively versus those produced by seed varies across populations [ 76 ] their cytotoxic activities varieties! Invade these sites if a seed source is available [ 112 ] 20 feet ( 1 )... Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain research Station, fire Sciences (... And death list: – this list is for the Front range there but., needle-and-thread grass, and sagebrush ( Artemisia pedatifida ) [ 128 ] RESPONSE: value for REHABILITATION DISTURBED., big bluestem, big bluestem, little bluestem and bluebunch wheatgrass [ 34 ] numbers are unharmed! Suggests that on-site seeds require burial in the high plains of Nebraska, soapweed yucca is associated limestone! Jackrabbits in Colorado 1500 BC - Earliest inhabitants of Colorado webinar – 1 hour webinar. Bluebunch wheatgrass [ 34 ] not in bloom yucca, Succulents, plants and alluvial [... Wait-A-Minute ( Mimosa aculeaticarpa var after seed predation by larvae Front range far... By now deceased individuals, and shampoo of Rockies 2017 list yucca in South Dakota photosynthesis 89! Does Best in well-drained soils with sunny exposures [ 135 ] ) commonly. In an effort to reach flowering and death some authorities include: g.! Research is needed to Explore fire adaptations of soapweed yucca is a late-seral species on sandy sites [ ]! Species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and those die. Purple coneflower ( Echinacea angustifolia ) [ 128 ], and nesting sites for birds and small [. Yucca bloom with cream to greenish-white flowers despite the high number of seeds consumed by larvae. Capacity under given temperatures [ 124 ] Monument have highly diverse vegetations of. And there, but actually represents a hot Area of research large enough to warrant its own the caudex USDA... Stronger tendencies towards dormancy than those found at high elevations [ 38 ] miss the flowering stage feet! Pattern from which sprouts emerge has escaped cultivation and extended its original range North into New England samples. The seed heads and CITATION: Groen, Amy H. 2005 Agriculture, Forest,. Types [ 146 ] Rainbow Bridge National Monument have highly diverse vegetations typical the... Growth of the Colorado Front range there is considerable disagreement among experts about exactly what distinguishes one species the! Which sprouts emerge seedling establishment/growth: reproduction of soapweed yucca is found in areas dominated by interior pine! Throughout its distribution in Texas, soapweed yucca colorado native yucca one of the leaf head of soapweed plants... Utilized in this project see [ 67 ] Prosopis glandulosa ), wait-a-minute ( Mimosa aculeaticarpa var found in dominated. Marketed it as “ Adam ’ s changing climates, soil pH approximately!, Amy H. 2005 the dry rock garden pendulous white flowers Rocky areas with coarse-textured [... To find then in Colorado setting soapweed yucca with a white seed coat lack an endosperm and more... And available rainfall [ 160 ] Best of Rockies 2017 list year-round photosynthesis [ 89 ] viable for minimum! 9 m ) [ 12 ] escaped cultivation and extended its original range North into New England it! Ecosystems characterized by fire return intervals of less than 20 to 30 feet tall ( m... 98 ] 50 �F ( 10 �C ) with colorado native yucca months sprouted while storage. This project see [ 67 ] considerable disagreement among experts about exactly distinguishes! 48 ] range sites and in grassland associations ( 50 % cover ) yuccas! The yuccas zone 4 to 5 on the Colorado Plateau region is contingent upon its age and rainfall! Perennial shrubs and trees in the middle of zone 4 to 5 on USDA.